diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/mm.h b/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/mm.h
index 8f6681429d..05dfe35502 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/mm.h
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/mm.h
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ void audit_domains(void);
 #endif
 
 void make_cr3(struct vcpu *v, mfn_t mfn);
-void update_cr3(struct vcpu *v);
+pagetable_t update_cr3(struct vcpu *v);
 int vcpu_destroy_pagetables(struct vcpu *);
 void *do_page_walk(struct vcpu *v, unsigned long addr);
 
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/paging.h b/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/paging.h
index 403243bfbd..8fad4cfc18 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/paging.h
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/paging.h
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ struct paging_mode {
                                             paddr_t ga, uint32_t *pfec,
                                             unsigned int *page_order);
 #endif
-    void          (*update_cr3            )(struct vcpu *v, int do_locking,
+    pagetable_t   (*update_cr3            )(struct vcpu *v, bool do_locking,
                                             bool noflush);
 
     unsigned int guest_levels;
@@ -294,9 +294,9 @@ static inline bool paging_flush_tlb(const unsigned long *vcpu_bitmap)
 /* Update all the things that are derived from the guest's CR3.
  * Called when the guest changes CR3; the caller can then use v->arch.cr3
  * as the value to load into the host CR3 to schedule this vcpu */
-static inline void paging_update_cr3(struct vcpu *v, bool noflush)
+static inline pagetable_t paging_update_cr3(struct vcpu *v, bool noflush)
 {
-    paging_get_hostmode(v)->update_cr3(v, 1, noflush);
+    return paging_get_hostmode(v)->update_cr3(v, 1, noflush);
 }
 
 /* Update all the things that are derived from the guest's CR0/CR3/CR4.
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/shadow.h b/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/shadow.h
index 20df34d0a8..9a8d1b8353 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/shadow.h
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/include/asm/shadow.h
@@ -94,6 +94,9 @@ void shadow_blow_tables_per_domain(struct domain *d);
 int shadow_set_allocation(struct domain *d, unsigned int pages,
                           bool *preempted);
 
+/* Helper to invoke for deferred releasing of a top-level shadow's reference. */
+void shadow_put_top_level(struct domain *d, pagetable_t old);
+
 #else /* !CONFIG_SHADOW_PAGING */
 
 #define shadow_vcpu_teardown(v) ASSERT(is_pv_vcpu(v))
@@ -114,6 +117,11 @@ static inline void shadow_prepare_page_type_change(struct domain *d,
 
 static inline void shadow_blow_tables_per_domain(struct domain *d) {}
 
+static inline void shadow_put_top_level(struct domain *d, pagetable_t old)
+{
+    ASSERT_UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
 static inline int shadow_domctl(struct domain *d,
                                 struct xen_domctl_shadow_op *sc,
                                 XEN_GUEST_HANDLE_PARAM(xen_domctl_t) u_domctl)
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/mm.c b/xen/arch/x86/mm.c
index 28fdf820ef..39544bd9f9 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/mm.c
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/mm.c
@@ -549,15 +549,12 @@ void write_ptbase(struct vcpu *v)
  *
  * Update ref counts to shadow tables appropriately.
  */
-void update_cr3(struct vcpu *v)
+pagetable_t update_cr3(struct vcpu *v)
 {
     mfn_t cr3_mfn;
 
     if ( paging_mode_enabled(v->domain) )
-    {
-        paging_update_cr3(v, false);
-        return;
-    }
+        return paging_update_cr3(v, false);
 
     if ( !(v->arch.flags & TF_kernel_mode) )
         cr3_mfn = pagetable_get_mfn(v->arch.guest_table_user);
@@ -565,6 +562,8 @@ void update_cr3(struct vcpu *v)
         cr3_mfn = pagetable_get_mfn(v->arch.guest_table);
 
     make_cr3(v, cr3_mfn);
+
+    return pagetable_null();
 }
 
 static inline void set_tlbflush_timestamp(struct page_info *page)
@@ -3269,6 +3268,7 @@ int new_guest_cr3(mfn_t mfn)
     struct domain *d = curr->domain;
     int rc;
     mfn_t old_base_mfn;
+    pagetable_t old_shadow;
 
     if ( is_pv_32bit_domain(d) )
     {
@@ -3336,9 +3336,22 @@ int new_guest_cr3(mfn_t mfn)
     if ( !VM_ASSIST(d, m2p_strict) )
         fill_ro_mpt(mfn);
     curr->arch.guest_table = pagetable_from_mfn(mfn);
-    update_cr3(curr);
+    old_shadow = update_cr3(curr);
 
-    write_ptbase(curr);
+    /*
+     * In shadow mode update_cr3() can fail, in which case here we're still
+     * running on the prior top-level shadow (which we're about to release).
+     * Switch to the idle page tables in such an event; the guest will have
+     * been crashed already.
+     */
+    if ( likely(!mfn_eq(pagetable_get_mfn(old_shadow),
+                        maddr_to_mfn(curr->arch.cr3 & ~X86_CR3_NOFLUSH))) )
+        write_ptbase(curr);
+    else
+        write_ptbase(idle_vcpu[curr->processor]);
+
+    if ( !pagetable_is_null(old_shadow) )
+        shadow_put_top_level(d, old_shadow);
 
     if ( likely(mfn_x(old_base_mfn) != 0) )
     {
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/mm/hap/hap.c b/xen/arch/x86/mm/hap/hap.c
index d05f1b7a95..e30f543d2c 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/mm/hap/hap.c
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/mm/hap/hap.c
@@ -707,11 +707,13 @@ static bool cf_check hap_invlpg(struct vcpu *v, unsigned long linear)
     return 1;
 }
 
-static void cf_check hap_update_cr3(
-    struct vcpu *v, int do_locking, bool noflush)
+static pagetable_t cf_check hap_update_cr3(
+    struct vcpu *v, bool do_locking, bool noflush)
 {
     v->arch.hvm.hw_cr[3] = v->arch.hvm.guest_cr[3];
     hvm_update_guest_cr3(v, noflush);
+
+    return pagetable_null();
 }
 
 static bool flush_vcpu(const struct vcpu *v, const unsigned long *vcpu_bitmap)
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/common.c b/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/common.c
index a0ae6adb4f..8211e77cc7 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/common.c
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/common.c
@@ -2526,13 +2526,13 @@ static void cf_check shadow_update_paging_modes(struct vcpu *v)
 }
 
 /* Set up the top-level shadow and install it in slot 'slot' of shadow_table */
-void sh_set_toplevel_shadow(struct vcpu *v,
-                            unsigned int slot,
-                            mfn_t gmfn,
-                            unsigned int root_type,
-                            mfn_t (*make_shadow)(struct vcpu *v,
-                                                 mfn_t gmfn,
-                                                 uint32_t shadow_type))
+pagetable_t sh_set_toplevel_shadow(struct vcpu *v,
+                                   unsigned int slot,
+                                   mfn_t gmfn,
+                                   unsigned int root_type,
+                                   mfn_t (*make_shadow)(struct vcpu *v,
+                                                        mfn_t gmfn,
+                                                        uint32_t shadow_type))
 {
     mfn_t smfn;
     pagetable_t old_entry, new_entry;
@@ -2589,20 +2589,37 @@ void sh_set_toplevel_shadow(struct vcpu *v,
                   mfn_x(gmfn), mfn_x(pagetable_get_mfn(new_entry)));
     v->arch.paging.shadow.shadow_table[slot] = new_entry;
 
-    /* Decrement the refcount of the old contents of this slot */
-    if ( !pagetable_is_null(old_entry) )
+    /*
+     * Decrement the refcount of the old contents of this slot, unless
+     * we're still running on that shadow - in that case it'll need holding
+     * on to until the actual page table switch did occur.
+     */
+    if ( !pagetable_is_null(old_entry) && (v != current || !is_pv_domain(d)) )
     {
-        mfn_t old_smfn = pagetable_get_mfn(old_entry);
-        /* Need to repin the old toplevel shadow if it's been unpinned
-         * by shadow_prealloc(): in PV mode we're still running on this
-         * shadow and it's not safe to free it yet. */
-        if ( !mfn_to_page(old_smfn)->u.sh.pinned && !sh_pin(d, old_smfn) )
-        {
-            printk(XENLOG_G_ERR "can't re-pin %"PRI_mfn"\n", mfn_x(old_smfn));
-            domain_crash(d);
-        }
-        sh_put_ref(d, old_smfn, 0);
+        sh_put_ref(d, pagetable_get_mfn(old_entry), 0);
+        old_entry = pagetable_null();
     }
+
+    /*
+     * 2- and 3-level shadow mode is used for HVM only. Therefore we never run
+     * on such a shadow, so only call sites requesting an L4 shadow need to pay
+     * attention to the returned value.
+     */
+    ASSERT(pagetable_is_null(old_entry) || root_type == SH_type_l4_64_shadow);
+
+    return old_entry;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Helper invoked when releasing of a top-level shadow's reference was
+ * deferred in sh_set_toplevel_shadow() above.
+ */
+void shadow_put_top_level(struct domain *d, pagetable_t old_entry)
+{
+    ASSERT(!pagetable_is_null(old_entry));
+    paging_lock(d);
+    sh_put_ref(d, pagetable_get_mfn(old_entry), 0);
+    paging_unlock(d);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/multi.c b/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/multi.c
index cf74fdf5dd..447512870d 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/multi.c
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/multi.c
@@ -3156,7 +3156,8 @@ sh_update_linear_entries(struct vcpu *v)
     sh_flush_local(d);
 }
 
-static void cf_check sh_update_cr3(struct vcpu *v, int do_locking, bool noflush)
+static pagetable_t cf_check sh_update_cr3(struct vcpu *v, bool do_locking,
+                                          bool noflush)
 /* Updates vcpu->arch.cr3 after the guest has changed CR3.
  * Paravirtual guests should set v->arch.guest_table (and guest_table_user,
  * if appropriate).
@@ -3170,6 +3171,7 @@ static void cf_check sh_update_cr3(struct vcpu *v, int do_locking, bool noflush)
 {
     struct domain *d = v->domain;
     mfn_t gmfn;
+    pagetable_t old_entry = pagetable_null();
 #if GUEST_PAGING_LEVELS == 3
     const guest_l3e_t *gl3e;
     unsigned int i, guest_idx;
@@ -3179,7 +3181,7 @@ static void cf_check sh_update_cr3(struct vcpu *v, int do_locking, bool noflush)
     if ( !is_hvm_domain(d) && !v->is_initialised )
     {
         ASSERT(v->arch.cr3 == 0);
-        return;
+        return old_entry;
     }
 
     if ( do_locking ) paging_lock(v->domain);
@@ -3252,11 +3254,12 @@ static void cf_check sh_update_cr3(struct vcpu *v, int do_locking, bool noflush)
 #if GUEST_PAGING_LEVELS == 4
     if ( sh_remove_write_access(d, gmfn, 4, 0) != 0 )
         guest_flush_tlb_mask(d, d->dirty_cpumask);
-    sh_set_toplevel_shadow(v, 0, gmfn, SH_type_l4_shadow, sh_make_shadow);
+    old_entry = sh_set_toplevel_shadow(v, 0, gmfn, SH_type_l4_shadow,
+                                       sh_make_shadow);
     if ( unlikely(pagetable_is_null(v->arch.paging.shadow.shadow_table[0])) )
     {
         ASSERT(d->is_dying || d->is_shutting_down);
-        return;
+        return old_entry;
     }
     if ( !shadow_mode_external(d) && !is_pv_32bit_domain(d) )
     {
@@ -3300,24 +3303,30 @@ static void cf_check sh_update_cr3(struct vcpu *v, int do_locking, bool noflush)
                 gl2gfn = guest_l3e_get_gfn(gl3e[i]);
                 gl2mfn = get_gfn_query_unlocked(d, gfn_x(gl2gfn), &p2mt);
                 if ( p2m_is_ram(p2mt) )
-                    sh_set_toplevel_shadow(v, i, gl2mfn, SH_type_l2_shadow,
-                                           sh_make_shadow);
+                    old_entry = sh_set_toplevel_shadow(v, i, gl2mfn,
+                                                       SH_type_l2_shadow,
+                                                       sh_make_shadow);
                 else
-                    sh_set_toplevel_shadow(v, i, INVALID_MFN, 0,
-                                           sh_make_shadow);
+                    old_entry = sh_set_toplevel_shadow(v, i, INVALID_MFN, 0,
+                                                       sh_make_shadow);
             }
             else
-                sh_set_toplevel_shadow(v, i, INVALID_MFN, 0, sh_make_shadow);
+                old_entry = sh_set_toplevel_shadow(v, i, INVALID_MFN, 0,
+                                                   sh_make_shadow);
+
+            ASSERT(pagetable_is_null(old_entry));
         }
     }
 #elif GUEST_PAGING_LEVELS == 2
     if ( sh_remove_write_access(d, gmfn, 2, 0) != 0 )
         guest_flush_tlb_mask(d, d->dirty_cpumask);
-    sh_set_toplevel_shadow(v, 0, gmfn, SH_type_l2_shadow, sh_make_shadow);
+    old_entry = sh_set_toplevel_shadow(v, 0, gmfn, SH_type_l2_shadow,
+                                       sh_make_shadow);
+    ASSERT(pagetable_is_null(old_entry));
     if ( unlikely(pagetable_is_null(v->arch.paging.shadow.shadow_table[0])) )
     {
         ASSERT(d->is_dying || d->is_shutting_down);
-        return;
+        return old_entry;
     }
 #else
 #error This should never happen
@@ -3405,6 +3414,8 @@ static void cf_check sh_update_cr3(struct vcpu *v, int do_locking, bool noflush)
 
     /* Release the lock, if we took it (otherwise it's the caller's problem) */
     if ( do_locking ) paging_unlock(v->domain);
+
+    return old_entry;
 }
 
 
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/none.c b/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/none.c
index c462639eab..9c4be4562f 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/none.c
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/none.c
@@ -55,9 +55,11 @@ static unsigned long cf_check _gva_to_gfn(
 }
 #endif
 
-static void cf_check _update_cr3(struct vcpu *v, int do_locking, bool noflush)
+static pagetable_t cf_check _update_cr3(struct vcpu *v, bool do_locking,
+                                        bool noflush)
 {
     ASSERT_UNREACHABLE();
+    return pagetable_null();
 }
 
 static const struct paging_mode sh_paging_none = {
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/private.h b/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/private.h
index a0f275251f..a5fc3a7676 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/private.h
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/mm/shadow/private.h
@@ -383,13 +383,13 @@ mfn_t shadow_alloc(struct domain *d,
 void  shadow_free(struct domain *d, mfn_t smfn);
 
 /* Set up the top-level shadow and install it in slot 'slot' of shadow_table */
-void sh_set_toplevel_shadow(struct vcpu *v,
-                            unsigned int slot,
-                            mfn_t gmfn,
-                            unsigned int root_type,
-                            mfn_t (*make_shadow)(struct vcpu *v,
-                                                 mfn_t gmfn,
-                                                 uint32_t shadow_type));
+pagetable_t sh_set_toplevel_shadow(struct vcpu *v,
+                                   unsigned int slot,
+                                   mfn_t gmfn,
+                                   unsigned int root_type,
+                                   mfn_t (*make_shadow)(struct vcpu *v,
+                                                        mfn_t gmfn,
+                                                        uint32_t shadow_type));
 
 /* Update the shadows in response to a pagetable write from Xen */
 int sh_validate_guest_entry(struct vcpu *v, mfn_t gmfn, void *entry, u32 size);
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/pv/domain.c b/xen/arch/x86/pv/domain.c
index 5c92812dc6..2a445bb17b 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/pv/domain.c
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/pv/domain.c
@@ -424,10 +424,13 @@ bool __init xpti_pcid_enabled(void)
 
 static void _toggle_guest_pt(struct vcpu *v)
 {
+    bool guest_update;
+    pagetable_t old_shadow;
     unsigned long cr3;
 
     v->arch.flags ^= TF_kernel_mode;
-    update_cr3(v);
+    guest_update = v->arch.flags & TF_kernel_mode;
+    old_shadow = update_cr3(v);
 
     /*
      * Don't flush user global mappings from the TLB. Don't tick TLB clock.
@@ -436,13 +439,31 @@ static void _toggle_guest_pt(struct vcpu *v)
      * TLB flush (for just the incoming PCID), as the top level page table may
      * have changed behind our backs. To be on the safe side, suppress the
      * no-flush unconditionally in this case.
+     *
+     * Furthermore in shadow mode update_cr3() can fail, in which case here
+     * we're still running on the prior top-level shadow (which we're about
+     * to release). Switch to the idle page tables in such an event; the
+     * guest will have been crashed already.
      */
     cr3 = v->arch.cr3;
     if ( shadow_mode_enabled(v->domain) )
+    {
         cr3 &= ~X86_CR3_NOFLUSH;
+
+        if ( unlikely(mfn_eq(pagetable_get_mfn(old_shadow),
+                             maddr_to_mfn(cr3))) )
+        {
+            cr3 = idle_vcpu[v->processor]->arch.cr3;
+            /* Also suppress runstate/time area updates below. */
+            guest_update = false;
+        }
+    }
     write_cr3(cr3);
 
-    if ( !(v->arch.flags & TF_kernel_mode) )
+    if ( !pagetable_is_null(old_shadow) )
+        shadow_put_top_level(v->domain, old_shadow);
+
+    if ( !guest_update )
         return;
 
     if ( v->arch.pv.need_update_runstate_area && update_runstate_area(v) )