When P2M_AUDIT is false, it's unused, so instead of having a dangling
NULL pointer sit there, omit the field altogether.
Instead of adding "#if P2M_AUDIT && defined(CONFIG_HVM)" in even more
places, fold the latter part right into the definition of P2M_AUDIT.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
The struct paging_mode instances get set to the same functions
regardless of mode by both HAP and shadow code, hence there's no point
having this hook there. The hook also doesn't need moving elsewhere - we
can directly use struct p2m_domain's. This merely requires (from a
strictly formal pov; in practice this may not even be needed) making
sure we don't end up using safe_write_pte() for nested P2Ms.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Tim Deegan <tim@xen.org>
Acked-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
CNTVCT_EL0 or CNTPCT_EL0 counter read in Cortex-A73 (all versions)
might return a wrong value when the counter crosses a 32bit boundary.
Until now, there is no case for Xen itself to access CNTVCT_EL0,
and it also should be the Guest OS's responsibility to deal with
this part.
But for CNTPCT, there exists several cases in Xen involving reading
CNTPCT, so a possible workaround is that performing the read twice,
and to return one or the other depending on whether a transition has
taken place.
Signed-off-by: Penny Zheng <penny.zheng@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Wei Chen <Wei.Chen@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Bertrand Marquis <bertrand.marquis@arm.com>
Acked-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
Acked-by: Stefano Stabellini <sstabellini@kernel.org>
As it gets installed by p2m_pt_init(), it doesn't need to live in
paging.c. The function working in terms of l1_pgentry_t even further
indicates its non-paging-generic nature. Move it and drop its
paging_ prefix, not adding any new one now that it's static.
This then also makes more obvious that in the EPT case we wouldn't
risk mistakenly calling through the NULL hook pointer.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
The Activity Monitors Unit (AMU) has been introduced by ARMv8.4. It is
considered to be unsafe to be expose to guests as they might expose
information about code executed by other guests or the host.
Arm provided a way to trap all the AMU system registers by setting
CPTR_EL2.TAM to 1.
Unfortunately, on older revision of the specification, the bit 30 (now
CPTR_EL1.TAM) was RES0. Because of that, Xen is setting it to 0 and
therefore the system registers would be exposed to the guest when it is
run on processors with AMU.
As the bit is mark as UNKNOWN at boot in Armv8.4, the only safe solution
for us is to always set CPTR_EL1.TAM to 1.
Guest trying to access the AMU system registers will now receive an
undefined instruction. Unfortunately, this means that even well-behaved
guest may fail to boot because we don't sanitize the ID registers.
This is a known issues with other Armv8.0+ features (e.g. SVE, Pointer
Auth). This will taken care separately.
This is part of XSA-351 (or XSA-93 re-born).
Signed-off-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
Reviewed-by: Andre Przywara <andre.przywara@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefano Stabellini <sstabellini@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Bertrand Marquis <bertrand.marquis@arm.com>
Now that the IOMMU for guests can't be enabled "on demand" anymore,
there's also no reason to expose the related CPUID bit "just in case".
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
At least the insn emulator test harness will continue to be buildable
(and ought to continue to be usable) also as a 32-bit binary. (Right now
the CPU policy test harness is, too, but there it may be less relevant
to keep it functional, just like e.g. we don't support fuzzing the insn
emulator in 32-bit mode.) Hence the library code needs to cope with
this.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
With the event channel lock no longer disabling interrupts commit
52e1fc47ab ("evtchn/Flask: pre-allocate node on send path") can
be reverted again.
Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Acked-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Currently the lock for a single event channel needs to be taken with
interrupts off, which causes deadlocks in some cases.
Rework the per event channel lock to be non-blocking for the case of
sending an event and removing the need for disabling interrupts for
taking the lock.
The lock is needed for avoiding races between event channel state
changes (creation, closing, binding) against normal operations (set
pending, [un]masking, priority changes).
Use a rwlock, but with some restrictions:
- Changing the state of an event channel (creation, closing, binding)
needs to use write_lock(), with ASSERT()ing that the lock is taken as
writer only when the state of the event channel is either before or
after the locked region appropriate (either free or unbound).
- Sending an event needs to use read_trylock() mostly, in case of not
obtaining the lock the operation is omitted. This is needed as
sending an event can happen with interrupts off (at least in some
cases).
- Dumping the event channel state for debug purposes is using
read_trylock(), too, in order to avoid blocking in case the lock is
taken as writer for a long time.
- All other cases can use read_lock().
Fixes: e045199c7c ("evtchn: address races with evtchn_reset()")
Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
Currently a PV hardware domain can also be given control over the CPU
frequency, and such guest is allowed to write to MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL.
However since commit 322ec7c89f the default behavior has been changed
to reject accesses to not explicitly handled MSRs, preventing PV
guests that manage CPU frequency from reading
MSR_IA32_PERF_{STATUS/CTL}.
Additionally some HVM guests (Windows at least) will attempt to read
MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL and will panic if given back a #GP fault:
vmx.c:3035:d8v0 RDMSR 0x00000199 unimplemented
d8v0 VIRIDIAN CRASH: 3b c0000096 fffff806871c1651 ffffda0253683720 0
Move the handling of MSR_IA32_PERF_{STATUS/CTL} to the common MSR
handling shared between HVM and PV guests, and add an explicit case
for reads to MSR_IA32_PERF_{STATUS/CTL}.
Restore previous behavior and allow PV guests with the required
permissions to read the contents of the mentioned MSRs. Non privileged
guests will get 0 when trying to read those registers, as writes to
MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL by such guest will already be silently dropped.
Fixes: 322ec7c89f ('x86/pv: disallow access to unknown MSRs')
Fixes: 84e848fd7a ('x86/hvm: disallow access to unknown MSRs')
Signed-off-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
Reviewed-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
The device model state saved by QMP xen-save-devices-state doesn't
include the vmdesc json. When restoring an HVM, xen-load-devices-state
always triggers "Expected vmdescription section, but got 0". This is
not a problem when restore comes from a file. However, when QEMU runs
in a linux stubdom and comes over a console, EOF is not received. This
causes a delay restoring - though it does restore.
Setting suppress-vmdesc skips looking for the vmdesc during restore and
avoids the wait.
QEMU 5.2 enables suppress-vmdesc by default for xenfv, but this change
sets it manually for xenfv and xen_platform_pci=0 when -machine pc is
use.
QEMU commit 9850c6047b8b "migration: Allow to suppress vmdesc
submission" added suppress-vmdesc in QEMU 2.3.
Signed-off-by: Jason Andryuk <jandryuk@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Anthony PERARD <anthony.perard@citrix.com>
Setting vuart_gfn was missed when switching ARM guests to the PVH build.
Like libxl__build_pv, libxl__build_hvm should set state->vuart_gfn to
dom->vuart_gfn.
Without this change, xl console cannot connect to the vuart console (-t
vuart), see https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=160402342101366.
Signed-off-by: Stefano Stabellini <stefano.stabellini@xilinx.com>
Reviewed-by: Anthony PERARD <anthony.perard@citrix.com>
Libxl bitmap operations for single bits (test, set, reset) take the bit
number as a signed integer without testing the value to be larger than
0.
Correct that by adding the appropriate tests.
Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Acked-by: Wei Liu <wl@xen.org>
Checking whether a lock is consistently used regarding interrupts on
or off is beneficial for rwlocks, too.
So add check_lock() calls to rwlock functions. For this purpose make
check_lock() globally accessible.
Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Spinlocks and rwlocks behave differently in the try variants regarding
preemption: rwlocks are switching preemption off before testing the
lock, while spinlocks do so only after the first check.
Modify _spin_trylock() to disable preemption before testing the lock
to be held in order to be preemption-ready.
Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
Even if debug trap are only meant for debugging purpose, it is quite
harsh to crash Xen if one of the trap sent by the guest is not handled.
So switch from a panic() to a printk().
Signed-off-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefano Stabellini <sstabellini@kernel.org>
$(DSDT_FILES-y) depends on the recursive make to have run in libacpi/
such that the file(s) itself/themselves were generated before
compilation gets attempted. The same, however, is also necessary for
generated headers, before source files including them would get
attempted to be compiled.
The dependency specified in libacpi's Makefile, otoh, is entirely
pointless nowadays - no compilation happens there anymore (except for
tools involved in building the generated files). Together with it, the
rule generating acpi.a also can go away.
Reported-by: Olaf Hering <olaf@aepfle.de>
Fixes: 14c0d328da ("libxl/acpi: Build ACPI tables for HVMlite guests")
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Wei Liu <wl@xen.org>
With the split of libraries, I've observed a number of warnings from
(old?) ld.
Instead of duplicating the additions in two places, introduce a setup.py
make variable holding all the common parts of the invocations.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Marek Marczykowski-Górecki <marmarek@invisiblethingslab.com>
There's no actual user of it: pv_ro_page_fault() has a
guest_kernel_mode() conditional around its only call site.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
Even if a spinlock was taken with interrupts on before calling
spin_trylock() with interrupts off is fine, as it can't block.
Add a bool parameter "try" to check_lock() for handling this case.
Remove the call of check_lock() from _spin_is_locked(), as it really
serves no purpose and it can even lead to false crashes, e.g. when
a lock was taken correctly with interrupts enabled and the call of
_spin_is_locked() happened with interrupts off. In case the lock is
taken with wrong interrupt flags this will be catched when taking
the lock.
Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
While investigating XSA-335 we discovered that many upstream security
fixes were missing. It is not practical to backport them. There is
no good reason to be running this very ancient version of qemu, except
that it is the only way to run a stub dm which is currently supported
by upstream.
Signed-off-by: Ian Jackson <ian.jackson@eu.citrix.com>
Imported from Linux commit b6cfb277378ef831c0fa84bcff5049307294adc6:
The BAD_MADT_ENTRY() macro is designed to work for all of the subtables
of the MADT. In the ACPI 5.1 version of the spec, the struct for the
GICC subtable (struct acpi_madt_generic_interrupt) is 76 bytes long; in
ACPI 6.0, the struct is 80 bytes long. But, there is only one definition
in ACPICA for this struct -- and that is the 6.0 version. Hence, when
BAD_MADT_ENTRY() compares the struct size to the length in the GICC
subtable, it fails if 5.1 structs are in use, and there are systems in
the wild that have them.
This patch adds the BAD_MADT_GICC_ENTRY() that checks the GICC subtable
only, accounting for the difference in specification versions that are
possible. The BAD_MADT_ENTRY() will continue to work as is for all other
MADT subtables.
This code is being added to an arm64 header file since that is currently
the only architecture using the GICC subtable of the MADT. As a GIC is
specific to ARM, it is also unlikely the subtable will be used elsewhere.
Fixes: aeb823bbacc2 ("ACPICA: ACPI 6.0: Add changes for FADT table.")
Signed-off-by: Al Stone <al.stone@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Acked-by: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@rjwysocki.net>
[catalin.marinas@arm.com: extra brackets around macro arguments]
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Julien Grall <julien.grall@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andre Przywara <andre.przywara@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
Acked-by: Stefano Stabellini <sstabellini@kernel.org>
Tested-by: Elliott Mitchell <ehem+xen@m5p.com>
Since commit 6e3e771203 "xen/arm: setup: Relocate the Device-Tree
later on in the boot", the device-tree will not be kept mapped when
using ACPI.
However, a few places are calling dt_unreserved_regions() which expects
a valid DT. This will lead to a crash.
As the DT should not be used for ACPI (other than for detecting the
modules), a new function fw_unreserved_regions() is introduced.
It will behave the same way on DT system. On ACPI system, it will
unreserve the whole region.
Take the opportunity to clarify that bootinfo.reserved_mem is only used
when booting using Device-Tree.
Signed-off-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefano Stabellini <sstabellini@kernel.org>
Dom0less requires a device-tree. However, since commit 6e3e771203
"xen/arm: setup: Relocate the Device-Tree later on in the boot", the
device-tree will not get unflatten when using ACPI.
This will lead to a crash during boot.
Given the complexity to setup dom0less with ACPI (for instance how to
assign device?), we should skip any code related to Dom0less when using
ACPI.
Signed-off-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
Tested-by: Rahul Singh <rahul.singh@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Rahul Singh <rahul.singh@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefano Stabellini <sstabellini@kernel.org>
Tested-by: Elliott Mitchell <ehem+xen@m5p.com>
Commit 022387ee1a "xen/arm: mm: Don't open-code Xen PT update in
{set, clear}_fixmap()" enforced that each set_fixmap() should be
paired with a clear_fixmap(). Any failure to follow the model would
result to a platform crash.
Unfortunately, the use of fixmap in the ACPI code was overlooked as it
is calling set_fixmap() but not clear_fixmap().
The function __acpi_os_map_table() is reworked so:
- We know before the mapping whether the fixmap region is big
enough for the mapping.
- It will fail if the fixmap is already in use. This is not a
change of behavior but clarifying the current expectation to avoid
hitting a BUG().
The function __acpi_os_unmap_table() will now call clear_fixmap().
Reported-by: Wei Xu <xuwei5@hisilicon.com>
Signed-off-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefano Stabellini <sstabellini@kernel.org>
The functions acpi_os_{un,}map_memory() are meant to be arch-agnostic
while the __acpi_os_{un,}map_memory() are meant to be arch-specific.
Currently, the former are still containing x86 specific code.
To avoid this rather strange split, the generic helpers are reworked so
they are arch-agnostic. This requires the introduction of a new helper
__acpi_os_unmap_memory() that will undo any mapping done by
__acpi_os_map_memory().
Currently, the arch-helper for unmap is basically a no-op so it only
returns whether the mapping was arch specific. But this will change
in the future.
Note that the x86 version of acpi_os_map_memory() was already able to
able the 1MB region. Hence why there is no addition of new code.
Signed-off-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
Reviewed-by: Rahul Singh <rahul.singh@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Stefano Stabellini <sstabellini@kernel.org>
Tested-by: Rahul Singh <rahul.singh@arm.com>
Tested-by: Elliott Mitchell <ehem+xen@m5p.com>
The only reference into the code controlled by this option is from the
hypercall table, and that hypercall table entry gets overwritten.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
To do its compat translation, shim code needs to include the compat
header. For this to work, this header first of all needs to be
generated.
Reported-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
Even if only part of a hypercall completed before getting preempted,
invalidation ought to occur. Therefore fold the two return statements.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
These are VEX-encoded equivalents of the EVEX-encoded AVX512-VNNI ISA
extension.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
On slow systems with sync_console saving or loading the context of big
guests can cause the watchdog to trigger. Fix this by adding a couple
of process_pending_softirqs.
Signed-off-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Acked-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Luckily sh_remove_all_mappings()'s use of the parameter is limited to
generation of log messages. Nevertheless we'd better pass correct GFNs
around:
- the incoming GFN, when replacing a large page, may not be large page
aligned,
- incrementing by page-size-scaled values can't be right.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Tim Deegan <tim@xen.org>
With them depending on just the number of shadow levels, there's no need
for more than one instance of them, and hence no need for any hook (IOW
452219e246 ["x86/shadow: monitor table is HVM-only"] didn't go quite
far enough). Move the functions to hvm.c while dropping the dead
is_pv_32bit_domain() code paths.
While moving the code, replace a stale comment reference to
sh_install_xen_entries_in_l4(). Doing so made me notice the function
also didn't have its prototype dropped in 8d7b633ada ("x86/mm:
Consolidate all Xen L4 slot writing into init_xen_l4_slots()"), which
gets done here as well.
Also make their first parameters const.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Acked-by: Tim Deegan <tim@xen.org>
By passing the functions an MFN and flags, only a single instance of
each is needed; they were pretty large for being inline functions
anyway.
While moving the code, also adjust coding style and add const where
sensible / possible.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Acked-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Acked-by: Tim Deegan <tim@xen.org>
When a Cortex A57 processor is affected by CPU errata 832075, a guest
not implementing the workaround for it could deadlock the system.
Add a warning during boot informing the user that only trusted guests
should be executed on the system.
An equivalent warning is already given to the user by KVM on cores
affected by this errata.
Also taint the hypervisor as unsecure when this errata applies and
mention Cortex A57 r0p0 - r1p2 as not security supported in SUPPORT.md
Signed-off-by: Bertrand Marquis <bertrand.marquis@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Julien Grall <jgrall@amazon.com>
[fix SUPPORT.md style, 3 printk lines instead of 4]
Signed-off-by: Stefano Stabellini <stefano.stabellini@xilinx.com>
Define a new Unsecure taint type to be used to signal a system tainted
due to an unsecure configuration or hardware feature/errata.
Signed-off-by: Bertrand Marquis <bertrand.marquis@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefano Stabellini <sstabellini@kernel.org>
Replace usage of warning_add by printk_once with a **** prefix and
suffix for errata related warnings.
This prevents the need for the assert which is not secure enough to
protect this print against wrong usage.
Signed-off-by: Bertrand Marquis <bertrand.marquis@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefano Stabellini <sstabellini@kernel.org>
This comment was introduced by c/s 22a857bde9 in 2003, and became stale with
c/s 99db02d509 also in 2003. Both of these predate the introduction of
struct vcpu, when the processor field moved object.
17 years is long enough for this comment to be mis-informing people reading
the code.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
Acked-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
With MMU_UPDATE, a PV guest can make changes to higher level pagetables. This
is safe from Xen's point of view (as the update only affects guest mappings),
and the guest is required to flush (if necessary) after making updates.
However, Xen's use of linear pagetables (UPDATE_VA_MAPPING, GNTTABOP_map,
writeable pagetables, etc.) is an implementation detail outside of the
API/ABI.
Changes in the paging structure require invalidations in the linear pagetable
range for subsequent accesses into the linear pagetables to access non-stale
mappings. Xen must provide suitable flushing to prevent intermixed guest
actions from accidentally accessing/modifying the wrong pagetable.
For all L2 and higher modifications, flush the TLB. PV guests cannot create
L2 or higher entries with the Global bit set, so no mappings established in
the linear range can be global. (This could in principle be an order 39 flush
starting at LINEAR_PT_VIRT_START, but no such mechanism exists in practice.)
Express the necessary flushes as a set of booleans which accumulate across the
operation. Comment the flushing logic extensively.
This is XSA-286.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
c/s 9d1d31ad94 "x86: slightly reduce Meltdown band-aid overhead" removed the
use of Global TLB flushes on the Xen entry path, but added a FLUSH_TLB_GLOBAL
to the L4 path in do_mmu_update().
However, this was unnecessary.
It is the guests responsibility to perform appropriate TLB flushing if the L4
modification altered an established mapping in a flush-relevant way. In this
case, an MMUEXT_OP hypercall will follow. The case which Xen needs to cover
is when new mappings are created, and the resync on the exit-to-guest path
covers this correctly.
There is a corner case with multiple vCPUs in hypercalls at the same time,
which 9d1d31ad94 changed, and this patch changes back to its original XPTI
behaviour.
Architecturally, established TLB entries can continue to be used until the
broadcast flush has completed. Therefore, even with concurrent hypercalls,
the guest cannot depend on older mappings not being used until an MMUEXT_OP
hypercall completes. Xen's implementation of guest-initiated flushes will
take correct effect on top of an in-progress hypercall, picking up new mapping
setting before the other vCPU's MMUEXT_OP completes.
Note: The correctness of this change is not impacted by whether XPTI uses
global mappings or not. Correctness there depends on the behaviour of Xen on
the entry/exit paths when switching two/from the XPTI "shadow" pagetables.
This is (not really) XSA-286 (but necessary to simplify the logic).
Fixes: 9d1d31ad94 ("x86: slightly reduce Meltdown band-aid overhead")
Signed-off-by: Andrew Cooper <andrew.cooper3@citrix.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
The build target of a library should depend on the official headers
of that library, too, as those might be required for building other
tools.
Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Acked-by: Wei Liu <wl@xen.org>
Fill the new page table _before_ installing into a live page table
hierarchy, as installing a blank page first risks I/O faults on
sub-ranges of the original super page which aren't part of the range
for which mappings are being updated.
While at it also do away with mapping and unmapping the same fresh
intermediate page table page once per entry to be written.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Paul Durrant <paul@xen.org>